What causes testicular swelling and pain?

Testicular swelling and pain may be related to orchitis, epididymitis, varicocele, testicular torsion, testicular trauma and other factors. Testicular swelling and pain usually manifests as scrotal swelling and pain, obvious tenderness, redness of the skin and other symptoms. It is recommended to seek medical treatment in time for a clear diagnosis.

1. Orchitis

Orchitis is mostly caused by bacterial or viral infection. Common pathogens include Escherichia coli, mumps virus, etc. Patients may experience symptoms such as unilateral or bilateral testicular swelling, fever, and pain during urination. Treatment requires the use of ceftriaxone sodium for injection, levofloxacin tablets, acyclovir tablets and other drugs as directed by the doctor, and bed rest to avoid strenuous exercise.

2. Epididymitis

Epididymitis is often secondary to urinary tract infection, in which pathogenic bacteria infect retrogradely through the vas deferens. Typical symptoms are sudden pain in the scrotum that radiates to the groin, which may be accompanied by frequent urination and urgency. Levofloxacin hydrochloride capsules, cefixime dispersible tablets, and ibuprofen sustained-release capsules are commonly used clinically for anti-inflammatory and analgesic treatment. At the same time, the scrotum needs to be elevated to reduce swelling.

3. Varicocele

Varicocele causes scrotal swelling due to obstruction of venous return, and symptoms worsen after standing for a long time. Physical examination may reveal earthworm-like masses in the scrotum, which may affect reproductive function in severe cases. Mild cases can be relieved by scrotal support, while severe cases require laparoscopic high ligation of the spermatic vein.

4. Testicular torsion

Testicular torsion is a urological emergency in which blood supply is interrupted due to rotation of the spermatic cord. Sudden severe testicular pain accompanied by nausea and vomiting is a typical manifestation. Physical examination shows that the testicles are elevated. Testicular reduction and fixation must be performed within 6 hours after diagnosis, otherwise testicular necrosis may occur.

5. Testicular trauma

Testicular trauma is mostly caused by impact and sports injuries, manifesting as scrotal hematoma and persistent dull pain. For minor injuries, you can apply cold compresses and take Yunnan Baiyao capsules. Severe hematomas require surgery to remove congestion. If persistent swelling occurs after trauma, the possibility of testicular rupture must be ruled out.

When testicular swelling and pain occur, strenuous exercise should be avoided and loose cotton underwear should be worn to reduce friction. The diet should be light and limit the intake of spicy foods. Clean the perineum with warm water every day and observe changes in swelling. If the pain lasts for more than 24 hours or is accompanied by fever, hematuria and other symptoms, you must see a urology department immediately. If you have sudden severe pain at night that cannot be relieved, you should go directly to the emergency department.