Basic first aid skills examination question bank and answer analysis

Adult chest compression depth 5-6cm, frequency 100-120 times/min； The Heimlich impact position for awake adults is two fingers horizontally above the navel, and the force is exerted rapidly inward and upward. ； For burns below superficial II degree, shower with running cold water at 15-25°C for 15-30 minutes immediately. It is prohibited to apply toothpaste, iodophor, or red syrup without authorization. ； For acute massive bleeding in the extremities, the tourniquet ligation position is 10-15cm from the proximal end to the wound. The tourniquet should be relaxed for 3-5 minutes every 40-50 minutes. The total duration of the tourniquet should not exceed 3 hours.

To be honest, during the three years I have been working as a teaching assistant in first aid training, I have seen 80% of first-time candidates fail on the above test points. Many people watched short videos and memorized some scattered knowledge points before the exam, but they were confused with the standards once they got to the exam. Take the CPR exam questions as an example. A frequently asked multiple choice question is "What is the correct position for adult chest compressions?" ”, the standard answer is the midpoint of the line connecting the two nipples. Some candidates always answer "the pit of the heart" or "the left side of the chest". If you really press this position, you may break the xiphoid process and pierce the internal organs. It is also worth mentioning here the difference between different standards: the current American Heart Association (AHA) guidelines allow non-professional rescuers to only perform chest compressions without artificial respiration. However, the first aid certification examination in most areas of the country still requires strict compliance with the process of "30 compressions + 2 artificial respirations". Before preparing for the exam, it is best to confirm the standard version used in the local examination to avoid losing points.

There is a true-or-false question that comes up in almost every exam: "When extremely obese adults have airway obstruction due to foreign bodies, those who cannot perform abdominal thrusts can use chest thrusts instead." The answer is correct. During the last invigilation, a candidate wrote a note after this question, saying that he had checked the information and found that some experts suggested that as long as the patient loses consciousness, it is enough to start CPR directly, and there is no need to perform chest compressions. This statement is indeed a controversial point in the field of emergency care. Some clinical emergency doctors believe that the airway muscles of obstructed patients who have lost consciousness have already relaxed, and the impact force of direct chest compressions is enough to expel foreign bodies. There is no need to search for additional impact positions. However, during the exam, the standard answers given in the textbook should prevail.

There are many pitfalls in burn-related exam questions, such as the multiple-choice question "How should blisters from second-degree burns be treated?" ”, the correct answer is to keep the skin of the blister, cover it with a clean dressing and send it to the doctor. Many candidates chose "open the blister to squeeze out the liquid". This is a typical folk misunderstanding. Opening the blister will increase the risk of infection. There is also a confusing controversial issue: "If the hospital is more than 2 hours away, can the burn wound be disinfected by applying iodophor?" ”, according to the national unified textbook for first responders, the answer is no, because the coloration of iodine will affect the doctor's judgment of the depth of the wound. However, many grassroots pre-hospital emergency personnel's practical regulations will allow a small amount of iodine to be applied in remote areas to avoid infection. If you encounter this question in the exam, give priority to "cannot apply".

The tourniquet test question impressed me the most. Last year, a student from a construction site took the test. The multiple-choice question was "Which of the following items can be used as a temporary tourniquet?" ”, the options included iron wire, wire, tie, and hemp rope. He chose iron wire without thinking, saying that he had seen people use it before at the construction site. The correct answer to this question was a tie. The iron wire and wire were too thin and could easily strangle nerves and blood vessels. Last year, a worker in our district tied his arm with iron wire to stop bleeding. In the end, his arm was amputated due to ischemia and necrosis. This is why this knowledge point is tested repeatedly in the exam. There is also a common judgment question: "The tighter the tourniquet is, the better the hemostatic effect will be." The answer is wrong. It is enough to feel that the pulse of the distal artery disappears. Tie it too tightly, but it will cause irreversible tissue damage.

The remaining 25% of the points are basically scattered test points, and a few high-frequency ones are listed at random: "Can you use your mouth to take poisonous liquid after being bitten by a poisonous snake?" ”The answer is no. If there is an ulcer in the mouth, the rescuer will also be poisoned. The correct operation is to use a negative pressure device to suction, and at the same time, ligate 5-10cm proximal to the wound, so that the injured can reduce their activities and send them to the hospital as soon as possible. ； “What should be the first step if you find someone getting electrocuted? ”The answer is to cut off the power supply. Never pull the person who gets electrocuted directly with your hands, otherwise the rescuer will also be electrocuted. ； “How much blood loss does an adult need to have shock? ”The answer is 20% of the total blood volume, which is about 800-1000ml.

In fact, the questions in the first aid exam are not too tricky. Most of them are related to daily rescue scenarios. When preparing for the exam, don’t memorize the knowledge points. Practice the practical exercises twice, and most of the questions will be memorized naturally. If you are really unsure about the local examination standards, just look through the latest training manual issued by the local emergency center in advance. After all, the examination standards are to standardize operations. When you are really at the scene of rescuing people, the most important thing is to be able to save people without harming yourself and the patient.